Development of Constrained Soil Modulus Values for Buried Pipe Design

Simplified pipe design relies overwhelmingly on the empirical modulus of soil reaction, E’, as a measure of soil stiffness which is back calculated from actual test results (Howard, 1977 and 2011). It is therefore not a measurable soil property. The relationship between the modulus of soil reaction, E’ and true soil properties such as Young’s modulus, Es, or the constrained soil modulus, Ms, has been investigated by a number of researchers....