Exosomes Released from Cells Infected with Crohnʼs Disease–associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Activate Host Innate Immune Responses and Enhance Bacterial Intracellular Replication

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, of which the etiology involves environmental, genetic, and microbial factors. A high prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli, named AIEC, has been reported in the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that function in intercellular communication and have been implicated in host responses to intracellular pathogens. We investigated...