Tumor Vaccines Expressing Flt3 Ligand Synergize with CTLA-4 Blockade to Reject Preimplanted Tumors

The transformation of a healthy cell into a malignant neoplasm involves numerous genetic mutations and aberrations in gene expression. As few of these changes are shared between individuals or types of cancer, the best source for eliciting broad-spectrum tumor immunity remains each patient's own tumor. Previously, we have shown that combining blockade of the T-cell–negative costimulatory molecule CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and vaccination...