Challenges and choices in prostate cancer irradiation: from the three dimensional conformal radiotherapy to the era of intensity modulated, image-guided and adaptive radiation treatment.

In the last decades the status of radiotherapy was tremendously increased in terms of conformity to the target as well as image-guided techniques in conjunction with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The technological improvement had a significant clinical outcome for better response and lower toxicity to the surrounding normal tissues. Nowadays the incidence of rectal toxicity has been significantly decreased, especially with image...