Effective reduction of anxiety and pain during venous cannulation in children: a comparison of analgesic efficacy conferred by nitrous oxide, EMLA and combination

Summary Background : EMLA cream is the current technique of choice to reduce pain during venous cannulation in most paediatric practice. Its use is limited by logistic arrangements and failure to improve cooperation and allay anxiety. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) would appear to be an effective alternative. A combination technique may be useful in selected patients. Methods : One hundred and twenty unpremedicated ASA 1 and 2 day surgery patients, aged...