Effects of Habitual Cigarette Smoking on Retinal Circulation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose: To examine the long-term effects of cigarette smoking on retinal circulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Seventy-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and minimal (no or mild nonproliferative) diabetic retinopathy (DR) were evaluated. These patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into three groups based on their smoking history: current smokers (n = 19), past smokers (n = 20), and never smoked (n = 35). The...