Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation by manganese is associated with reactive oxygen species and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, not MAPKs signaling

Manganese has been known to induce neurological disorders similar to Parkinson's disease. One of the features of manganese‐induced neurotoxicity is oxidative stress. Accumulating data implicate NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a key regulator in the adaptive survival response to oxidative stress. Recent studies suggest that the activation of Nrf2 is induced by manganese in PC12 cells. In the present study, we investigated possible links between...