Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Promotes Protective Th17 Responses against Infection by Driving Innate IL-1 and IL-23 Production

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is a powerful mucosal adjuvant; however, it is associated with toxic effects when delivered intranasally, and its mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this article, we demonstrate that LT acts as a highly effective adjuvant when administered parenterally, promoting Ag-specific IL-17, as well as IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 production in response to coadministered Ags. We found that the adjuvant...