Alcohol Use and Cigarette Smoking as Risk Factors for Post–Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis

Background & AimsAlcohol use and cigarette smoking are associated with various pancreatic diseases, but it is not known whether they associate with post–endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). We performed a retrospective case-control study to determine if these activities increase the risk of PEP.MethodsWe identified 7638 patients who had undergone ERCP in the University of Michigan Health System and applied...