In vitro generation of osteochondral differentiation of human marrow mesenchymal stem cells in novel collagen–hydroxyapatite layered scaffolds

Integrated, layered osteochondral (OC) composite materials and/or engineered OC grafts are considered as promising strategies for the treatment of OC damage. A novel biomimetic collagen–hydroxyapatite (COL–HA) OC scaffold with different integrated layers has been generated by freeze-drying. The capacity of the upper COL layer and the lower COL/HA layer to promote the growth and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into...