Heart rate as a predictor of energy expenditure in undisturbed fasting and incubating penguins

SUMMARY Heart rate (fH) measurement offers the possibility to monitor energy expenditure (EE) in wild animals if the EE/fH relationship for the species, physiological stages and activities of interest is known. This relationship has been extensively studied using oxygen consumption rate () measurement in captive, repeatedly handled king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). Unfortunately, the potential effects of stress on the observed...