Optimization of the multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films by divalent ion (Mn, Ni) co-doping at B-sites

Multiferroic BiFe0.96−xMn0.04NixO3 (BFMNO) thin films were prepared on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by the chemical solution deposition (CSD) method. X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement and Raman spectra reveal the structural transition from rhombohedral (R3c:H) to the biphasic structure (R3c:H+R3m:R) with Mn/Ni co-doping. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the coexistence of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in the thin...