Endothelial cell and macrophage regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification modulated by cholestane‐3β, 5α, 6β‐triol

The cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate vascular calcification remain poorly understood. In our previous study, oxysterol cholestane‐3β, 5α, 6β‐triol (Triol) was shown to promote vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification. In this study, by using direct coculture, non‐contact transwell coculture, and culture with conditioned media, we investigated the roles of endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages in the regulation of VSMCs...