Enhanced osteogenesis through nano-structured surface design of macroporous hydroxyapatite bioceramic scaffolds via activation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways

The design of the three-dimensional (3D) porous structures and surface morphological/topographies of implants is considered as a novel approach to enhance the bioactivity and osteoinductive ability in the field of bone regeneration. In the present study, highly interconnective macroporous hydroxyapatite (HAp) bioceramic scaffolds with nanosheet, nanorod and micro-nano-hybrid (the hybrid of nanorod and microrod) surface topographies were...