Transforming growth factor-β promotes prostate bone metastasis through induction of microRNA-96 and activation of the mTOR pathway

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is enriched in the bone matrix and serves as a key factor in promoting bone metastasis in cancer. In addition, TGFβ signaling activates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions, which is important for the malignant progression. Here, we demonstrate that TGFβ regulates the level of microRNA-96 (miR-96) through Smad-dependent transcription and that miR-96 promotes the bone metastasis in prostate cancer....