Particulate fouling of CuO–water nanofluid at isothermal diffusive condition inside the conventional heat exchanger-experimental and modeling

Because of potential of energy saving and wide utilizations of nanofluids in industrial and commercial aspects, sedimentation and scale formation of nanoparticles inside the heat transfer media has been an indispensible challenge. In the present work, experimental investigation is conducted on the convective boiling of dilute CuO–water nanofluids in an upward flow inside the conventional heat exchanger. Nanofluids are stabilized using the...