The internal/external frame of reference model, big-fish-little-pond effect, and combined model for mathematics and science.

The aim of this study was to integrate 2 theories on academic self-concept-that is, the internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model and the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE)-into a combined model. The rationale for the combined model is that the I/E model actually focuses on internal/dimensional comparison (e.g., a comparison between one's own mathematics and science achievements) and the BFLPE focuses on external/social comparison (e.g.,...