Active fixation pacing leads in the distal coronary venous system in patients with prosthetic tricuspid valve

Permanent pacemaker implantations in patients requiring ventricular pacing is usually accomplished by the placement of endocardial pacing lead in the right ventricle. In the presence of prothestic tricuspid valve, this method has the potential of causing complications to the lead or the prosthetic valve and thus not recommended. Pacing options for this group of patients include epicardial lead implantation or the placement of lead in the...